PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126107 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian										0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian										11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian								100.5
				Middle Albian								106.2 *
				Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian								113
		Aptian		Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian								139.8
				Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
				Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian								174.7
				Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
				Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian		Sevatian								208.5
				Alaunian								213.2 *
				Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian								227
		Carnian		Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein			Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller				259.51
		Wordian	Leine				264.28
		Wordian	Leine			Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian				Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian				Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian				Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian			303.7
						Khamovnikian			304.8
						Khamovnikian		Cantabrian	305 *
						Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian				Myachkovian			307
						Myachkovian	Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Podolskian		Westphalian D	308.9 *
						Podolskian		Westphalian C	309.8
						Kashirian			311.4 *
						Vereian			313.8
						Vereian		Westphalian B	314.6
						Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian			315.2
						Cheremshanian			316.9 *
						Cheremshanian		Westphalian A	317 *
						Prikamian		Westphalian A	318.6 *
						Prikamian	Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Severokeltmian		Yeadonian	319.9 *
						Severokeltmian		Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Krasnopolyanian		Marsdenian	321.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	Krasnopolyanian		321.5 *
					Kinderscoutian	Voznesenian		321.9 *
					Alportian			322 *
					Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian	Zapaltjubian		323.2
					Arnsbergian	Zapaltjubian		324 *
						Protvian		324.4 *
						Steshevian		326.8 *
					Pendleian	Steshevian		327.4 *
					Pendleian	Tarusian		329 *
		Visean			Venevian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Mikhailovian			331.9 *
					Aleksinian			333.7 *
					Tulian			335.8 *
					Tulian	Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Bobrikian	Livian	Asbian †	339.9 *
					Bobrikian	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
					Radaevkian	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian	Ivorian		346.7
					Kizelian			350.7 *
					Cherepetian			351.9 *
					Cherepetian	Hastarian		353.7 *
					Karakubian			354.4 *
					Upinian			356.3 *
					Malevkian			357.6 *
					Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †				445.2
		Katian	Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dobrotivian							458.5 *
			Oretanian							459.7 *
				Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †						467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian								485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian								497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian								509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
												538.8