PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126103 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic				South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian					Lujanian					0.0117
		Chibanian			Ionian					Lujanian					0.129
		Chibanian			Ionian					Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian								Ensenadan					0.774
		Calabrian								Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian								Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Vorohuean					2.58
		Piacenzian								Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean								Chapadmalalan					3.6
										Montehermosan					3.7 *
										Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
										Chasicoan					7.9 *
										Mayoan					9.9 *
										Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian								Laventan					11.63
		Serravallian								Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian								Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian								Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian								Friasian					15.98
										Santacrucian					16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
		Aquitanian								Colhuehuapian					20.44
		Aquitanian								Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian								Tinguirirican					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian								Tinguirirican					33.9
		Priabonian								Divisaderan					35.9 *
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Lutetian								Mustersan					41.9 *
		Ypresian								Mustersan					47.8
		Ypresian								Casamayoran					47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Riochican					56
										Itaboraian					56.9 *
										Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
		Danian								Tiupampan					62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
			Middle Famennian	365.3 *
			Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
			Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
			Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
			Middle Givetian	383.7 *
			Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian				425.6
		Gorstian		Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian	Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Telychian				436.3 *
		Aeronian				438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Vormsi	Kralodvorian		449.6 *
							Vormsi	Berounian		449.7 *
							Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
						Viru	Rakvere				450.6 *
							Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian					Keila			Idavere †	453
							Haljala				453.9
							Haljala				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Kukruse						456.4 *
							Uhaku			Aluoja †			457.5 *
									Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
								Dobrotivian					458.5 *
							Lasnamagi	Dobrotivian					458.9 *
							Lasnamagi	Oretanian					459.7 *
							Aseri						460.4 *
							Aseri		Sarka †				461.7 *
						Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
							Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
							Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †					467.3
								Arenigian						468
							Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
										Latorp †				470.1 *
							Hunneberg							473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg	Tremadocian						477.7
							Varangu							481.3 *
							Pakerort							482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort							485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8