PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125964 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene			Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian		MN 17		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Vorohuean		MN 16		2.58
						Chapadmalalan		MN 16		2.9 *
								MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene							3.6
						Montehermosan				3.7 *
						Montehermosan		MN 14		4.2
						Huayquerian		MN 13		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene					MN 13		5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12		7.246
								MN 11		7.75
						Chasicoan		MN 11		7.9 *
								MN 10		8.7
								MN 9		9.7
						Mayoan				9.9 *
						Laventan				10.9 *
								MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene					MN 7 + 8		11.63
								MN 6		12.8 *
						Colloncuran		MN 6		13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran		MN 5		13.82
		Langhian				Friasian		MN 5		15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene			Friasian		MN 4		15.98
						Santacrucian		MN 4		16.2 *
						Santacrucian		MN 3		16.9
						Colhuehuapian		MN 3		17.4 *
								MN 2		20
		Aquitanian								20.44
						Deseadan				20.9 *
								MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene							23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene							27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene			Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene			Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian	Early Eocene			Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian	Early Eocene			Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Riochican				56
						Itaboraian				56.9 *
						Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene							61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene			Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	298.9
				Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
					Stephanian B		300.9 *
					Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian			Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian			Cantabrian		307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
					Westphalian C		309.8
					Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B		315.2
					Westphalian A		317 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
					Marsdenian		320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
					Alportian		322 *
					Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian		323.2
					Arnsbergian		324 *
					Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
				Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian		443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
				Dobrotivian					458.5 *
				Oretanian					459.7 *
						Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8