PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126108 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian Subages of Germany	Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian							0.0117
		Chibanian				Ionian							0.129
		Calabrian											0.774
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Serravallian											11.63
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan									150
				Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan									176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan									184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran									188.9
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian									201.4
		Norian		Warepan									208.5
				Otamitan									217
				Oretian									221
		Carnian		Oretian									227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan									227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan									237
		Ladinian		Etalian									238
		Anisian		Etalian									242
		Anisian		Malakovian									246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian									247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian									249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai		Buntsandstein	251.902
								252.4 *
					Chhidru			252.9 *
				Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		254.14
				Puruhauan		254.2
					Kalabagh	255 *
					Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian				Leine	264.28
							265.3 *
				Barettian			266
					Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb		266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
							Dobrotivian				458.5 *
							Oretanian				459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	509
		Stage 3									Branchian	514
		Stage 3									Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
													538.8