PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian										0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian										0.129
		Calabrian											0.774
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Serravallian											11.63
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Melekhovian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
		Wordian											264.28
		Wordian							Noginskian				264.9 *
		Roadian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Kungurian							Pavlovoposadian				276.8 *
		Artinskian							Pavlovoposadian				283.5
		Artinskian							Rusavkinian				287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian	303.7
						Khamovnikian	304.8
			Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian			307
			Podolskian			308.9 *
			Kashirian			311.4 *
			Vereian			313.8
			Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian			315.2
			Cheremshanian			316.9 *
			Prikamian			318.6 *
			Severokeltmian			319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
			Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian			323.2
			Protvian			324.4 *
			Steshevian			326.8 *
			Tarusian			329 *
		Visean	Venevian			330.9
			Mikhailovian			331.9 *
			Aleksinian			333.7 *
			Tulian	335.8 *
			Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
					Dobrotivian		458.5 *
					Oretanian		459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
													538.8