PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126186 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Land Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene					Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene					Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene					Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene						Yushean		Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene										3.6
										Hemphillian					4.7
											Baodean				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
										Clarendonian					9.4
											Tunggurian				11.1
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene										11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian									Shanwangian				13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene										15.98
										Hemingfordian					16.3
										Hemingfordian	Xiejiaan				16.9
										Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene										23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene										27.82
										Whitneyan					29.5
										Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene					Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene					Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene					Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian	Early Eocene					Bridgerian					47.8
										Wasatchian					50.5
										Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan		Late Paleocene					Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian	Gashatan		Late Paleocene					Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene					Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene					Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene					Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene					Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni			Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Pirgu			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
				Vormsi			Kralodvorian		449.6 *
				Vormsi	Berounian		449.7 *
				Nabala			Johvi †		450 *
			Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
				Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian		Keila			Idavere †		453
				Haljala					453.9
				Haljala					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Kukruse							456.4 *
				Uhaku			Aluoja †				457.5 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
					Dobrotivian						458.5 *
				Lasnamagi	Dobrotivian						458.9 *
				Lasnamagi	Oretanian						459.7 *
				Aseri							460.4 *
				Aseri				Sarka †			461.7 *
			Oeland	Kunda							462.9 *
				Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
				Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †				467.3
					Arenigian							468
				Billingen								469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
							Latorp †					470.1 *
				Hunneberg								473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg	Ungurian			Tremadocian					477.7
				Varangu									481.3 *
				Pakerort									482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort			Batyrbaian						485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
						Aksaian	490.7 *
						Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian				Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †						497
		Guzhangian											499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian							500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian							503
		Wuliuan				Tuesaian							Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †	505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4												509
						Toyonian								510 *
						Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian								514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian								521
		Stage 2												525.5
		Fortunian												529
															538.8