PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126108 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain				Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian												0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian												0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan												0.21
								Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
								Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian					Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian							3
		Zanclean						Waipipian							3.6
								Opoitian							3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Opoitian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												9.4
							Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian													11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
								Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian							13.82
								Clifdenian							15.1
							Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
								Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian							20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
								Duntroonian							25.2
								Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian												33.9
							Arnold	Runangan							34.6
								Kaiatan							36.7
															37
		Bartonian													37.71
								Bortonian							39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
								Heretaungan							45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
		Ypresian													47.8
								Mangaorapan							48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Mangaorapan							50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Waipawan							52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Waipawan							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Teurian							56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1										60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1										61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian				72.1		Haumurian
		Santonian				Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan	100.5
							Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian				443.8
		Katian		Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
				Cautleyan						448.9 *
				Pusgillian						449.3 *
			Caradoc	Streffordian						Onnian †	449.6 *
				Streffordian	Berounian						449.7 *
				Cheneyan							451.5 *
				Burrellian							452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
							Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †				455.2 *
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Aurelucian									456.8 *
							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian						457.4 *
						Liben †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
					Dobrotivian						458.5 *
					Oretanian						459.7 *
				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
						Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †						467.3
					Arenigian							468
			Arenig	Fennian								468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian								470
				Whitlandian								471.1 *
				Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian	Tremadocian							477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian								480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Datsonian								485.4
		Stage 10			Payntonian								486.8 *
		Jiangshanian			Iverian								489.5
		Paibian			Idamean								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Mindyallan								Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian			Boomerangian			499
		Drumian			Undillan			500.5
		Drumian			Floran			503
		Wuliuan			Templetonian			Stage 5 †						504.5
		Wuliuan			Ordian			Stage 5 †						507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Ordian									509
		Stage 4												510.8 *
		Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8