PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126197 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Britain		Central Paratethys Stages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian									Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean					Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Irvingtonian					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Irvingtonian					Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian				Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian								Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian			Pannonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian			Sarmatian		Middle Miocene	11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Barstovian			Sarmatian			12.5
										Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Hemingfordian						16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene	23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian								Early Oligocene	27.82
							Whitneyan						29.5
							Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Chadronian					Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean					Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean					Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian					Early Eocene	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Wasatchian						50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian					Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian					Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian					Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian					Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian					Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Puercan					Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian				Wordian		264.28
		Roadian				Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian			453
					Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †		456.2 *
				Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
			Dobrotivian						458.5 *
			Oretanian						459.7 *
				Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Merioneth						Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10								Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										489.5
			Aksaian									490.7 *
			Sakian									492.2 *
										Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian	St Davids							Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian									500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian									503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian									504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai							Early Cambrian	509
			Toyonian									510 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian									514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian									515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
													538.8