PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of China			Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of Eastern North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean			0.129
											Irvingtonian			0.21
			Ensenadan											0.3 *
		Calabrian												0.774
											Blancan			1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean											2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan											2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan											3.6
			Montehermosan											3.7 *
			Montehermosan								Hemphillian			4.7
			Huayquerian											4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
			Chasicoan											7.9 *
			Chasicoan								Clarendonian			9.4
			Mayoan											9.9 *
			Laventan											10.9 *
		Serravallian												11.63
											Barstovian			12.5
			Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran											13.82
		Langhian	Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian											15.98
			Santacrucian											16.2 *
			Santacrucian								Hemingfordian			16.3
			Colhuehuapian								Hemingfordian			17.4 *
											Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
			Tinguirirican											28.9 *
											Whitneyan			29.5
											Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Chadronian			33.9
			Divisaderan								Chadronian			35.9 *
											Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian									Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
			Mustersan											41.9 *
											Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian												47.8
			Casamayoran											47.9 *
											Wasatchian			50.5
											Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican								Clarkforkian			56
			Riochican								Tiffanian			56.2
			Itaboraian											56.9 *
			Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian												61.6
			Tiupampan											62.4 *
			Tiupampan								Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian						66
		Campanian			72.1
		Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic	100.5
		Aptian				113
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Kosovian		443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			Kralodvorian			449.5
			Berounian							449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †		456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo					458.4
			Dobrotivian										458.5 *
			Oretanian										459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
								Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	Sarka †			466.3 *
		Dapingian					Dapingian			Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian				Dapingian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian				Yiyangian						470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian		Tremadocian					477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian		Tremadocian				Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
														538.8