PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126107 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of Australia	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian			Sheridanian					0.0117
		Chibanian				Sheridanian					0.129
						Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
			Ensenadan								0.3 *
										Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian									0.774
						Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
										Nukumaruan	1.63
			Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian									1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean								2.58
			Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
										Waipipian	3
		Zanclean								Waipipian	3.6
			Montehermosan							Opoitian	3.7 *
			Montehermosan			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
			Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
			Chasicoan								7.9 *
			Chasicoan			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
			Mayoan								9.9 *
			Laventan								10.9 *
									Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian									11.63
						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
										Lillburnian	13.05
			Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian									13.82
										Clifdenian	15.1
			Friasian							Clifdenian	15.4 *
									Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian									15.98
			Santacrucian								16.2 *
			Santacrucian			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
			Colhuehuapian			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					17.4 *
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
										Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian									20.44
			Deseadan								20.9 *
									Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
							Monroecreekian				23.1 *
							Geringian				24.7 *
										Duntroonian	25.2
										Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian									27.82
			Tinguirirican								28.9 *
											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
									Arnold	Runangan	34.6
			Divisaderan							Runangan	35.9 *
										Kaiatan	36.7
											37
		Bartonian									37.71
										Bortonian	39.1
						Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
			Mustersan								41.9 *
					Dannevirke			Porangan	42.6
								Heretaungan	45.7
						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian							47.8
			Casamayoran						47.9 *
								Mangaorapan	48.9
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Mangaorapan	50.5
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		Waipawan	52
								Waipawan	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican					Teurian	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
			Riochican						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
			Itaboraian							56.9 *
			Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian								59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian		61.6
			Tiupampan	62.4 *
			Tiupampan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata			Haumurian	66
		Campanian						Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara			Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
								Mangaotanean	90.5
								Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence			Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan	100.5
								Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai			Korangan	108.4
		Aptian						Korangan	113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian		443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
				Dobrotivian						458.5 *
				Oretanian						459.7 *
						Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian					485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian					486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian					489.5
		Paibian		Idamean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan					497
		Guzhangian		Boomerangian					499
		Drumian		Undillan					500.5
		Drumian		Floran					503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian					504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian					507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian					509
		Stage 4							510.8 *
		Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
											538.8