PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian		Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene					0.129
			Ensenadan							0.3 *
								Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene			Castlecliffian		0.774
								Nukumaruan		1.63
			Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian								1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean		Late Pliocene	Yushean				2.58
			Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
								Waipipian		3
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene			Waipipian		3.6
			Montehermosan					Opoitian		3.7 *
			Huayquerian			Baodean		Opoitian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene		Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian								7.246
			Chasicoan							7.9 *
			Mayoan							9.9 *
			Laventan							10.9 *
							Southland	Waiauan		11.04
						Tunggurian				11.1
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene					11.63
								Lillburnian		13.05
			Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian				Shanwangian				13.82
								Clifdenian		15.1
			Friasian					Clifdenian		15.4 *
							Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene					15.98
			Santacrucian							16.2 *
			Santacrucian			Xiejiaan				16.9
			Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
								Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian								20.44
			Deseadan							20.9 *
							Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene			Waitakian		23.03
								Duntroonian		25.2
								Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene					27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene					33.9
							Arnold	Runangan		34.6
			Divisaderan					Runangan		35.9 *
								Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene			Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian								41.2
			Mustersan							41.9 *
							Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
								Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian			Early Eocene					47.8
			Casamayoran							47.9 *
								Mangaorapan		48.9
								Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican		Late Paleocene			Teurian		56
			Itaboraian							56.9 *
			Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan		Early Paleocene				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian						Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
								Mangaotanean	90.5
								Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		100.5				Motuan
				Urutawan				103.3
				Taitai			Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian		443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
			Dobrotivian						458.5 *
			Oretanian						459.7 *
					Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †		467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		509
	Series 2	Stage 3		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
										538.8