PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126164 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of China	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of China		Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene											0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene											2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene											7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene											11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene											13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene											15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene											33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene											37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene											41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene											56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene											59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian										251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian										253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian							259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian										273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian										283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian										285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
						300.1
					Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
						Stephanian B		300.9 *
						Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian		307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
						Westphalian C		309.8
						Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B		315.2
						Westphalian A		317 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
						Marsdenian		320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
						Alportian		322 *
						Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian		323.2
						Arnsbergian		324 *
						Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
						Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
						Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian		Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean	Skullrockian	Taoyuanian †				485.4
		Stage 10					Niuchehean						487.5
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian					Paibian						494
		Paibian					Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian		Wangcunian †				497
		Drumian					Drumian		Wangcunian †				500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian					530.7
														538.8