PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126162 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian Epochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene	MN 17						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	MN 16						2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	MN 15						3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene	MN 15						3.6
				MN 14						4.2
				MN 13						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	MN 13						5.333
		Tortonian		MN 12						7.246
				MN 11						7.75
				MN 10						8.7
				MN 9						9.7
				MN 7 + 8						11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	MN 7 + 8						11.63
		Serravallian		MN 6						12.8 *
		Langhian		MN 5						13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene	MN 4						15.98
				MN 3						16.9
				MN 2						20
		Aquitanian		MN 2						20.44
		Aquitanian		MN 1						22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene							33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene							41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene							56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian	445.2
						Richmondian	446 *
			Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
			Edenian				450.4 *
			Mohawkian	Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian		Chatfieldian	453
				Turinian	453.7 *
			Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Dapingian					467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean				477.7
				Stairsian				480.3 *
				Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian		485.4
						Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			487.5
						Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			St Davids		Middle Cambrian		497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai		Early Cambrian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8