PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126186 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian Epochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean											0.129
			Irvingtonian											0.21
					Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian												0.774
			Blancan											1.4
					Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian									2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian									3
		Zanclean			Waipipian									3.6
					Opoitian									3.7
			Hemphillian		Opoitian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
			Clarendonian											9.4
				Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian												11.63
			Barstovian											12.5
					Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian									13.82
					Clifdenian									15.1
				Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian												15.98
			Hemingfordian											16.3
			Arikareean											18.5
					Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian									23.03
					Duntroonian									25.2
					Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
			Whitneyan											29.5
			Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian											33.9
				Arnold	Runangan									34.6
					Kaiatan									36.7
			Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian												37.71
					Bortonian									39.1
			Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
					Heretaungan									45.7
			Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian												47.8
					Mangaorapan									48.9
			Wasatchian		Mangaorapan									50.5
			Wasatchian		Waipawan									52
			Clarkforkian		Waipawan									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Teurian									56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian											56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian	Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
						Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
			Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chokierian				Late Mississippian	323.2
			Arnsbergian					324 *
			Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian			Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian			Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian	Cincinnatian			Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
				Eastonian				Richmondian	449 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
					Mohawkian			Chatfieldian		451.1 *
				Gisbornian						452 *
		Sandbian								453
								Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian							458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian							467.3
				Castlemainian							468.5 *
				Castlemainian				Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian	Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
				Bendigonian								471.8 *
				Lancefieldian								473.5 *
								Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
				Warendian							Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian		485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			487.5
										Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							St Davids		Middle Cambrian		497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Caerfai		Early Cambrian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8