PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126164 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of Western Europe	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian			Sheridanian			Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean							Ionian	0.129
			Irvingtonian				Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
				Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian									0.774
			Blancan				Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
				Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean							2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan							3.6
				Montehermosan							3.7 *
			Hemphillian	Montehermosan			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
				Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
				Chasicoan							7.9 *
			Clarendonian	Chasicoan			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
				Mayoan							9.9 *
				Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian									11.63
			Barstovian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
				Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian		Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian							15.98
				Santacrucian							16.2 *
			Hemingfordian	Santacrucian			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
			Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				17.4 *
			Arikareean				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
								Monroecreekian			23.1 *
								Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian									27.82
				Tinguirirican							28.9 *
			Whitneyan								29.5
			Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
			Chadronian	Divisaderan			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				35.9 *
			Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan				Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
				Mustersan							41.9 *
			Bridgerian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian									47.8
				Casamayoran							47.9 *
			Wasatchian				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
			Clarkforkian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Riochican					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
			Tiffanian	Riochican					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
				Itaboraian							56.9 *
				Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian									59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian						To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian									61.6
				Tiupampan							62.4 *
			Puercan	Tiupampan		Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes				259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian				283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
			Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
			Edenian			450.4 *
			Mohawkian			Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian				Chatfieldian	453
						Turinian	453.7 *
			Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Dapingian						467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean					477.7
				Stairsian					480.3 *
				Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian					485.4
		Stage 10							487.5
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
											538.8