PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of Western Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian					0.0117
		Chibanian					Lujanian					0.129
		Chibanian					Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian					Ensenadan					0.774
		Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean					2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan					3.6
							Montehermosan					3.7 *
							Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
							Chasicoan					7.9 *
							Mayoan					9.9 *
							Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian					Laventan					11.63
		Serravallian					Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian					Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian					15.98
							Santacrucian					16.2 *
							Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
		Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian					20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
		Rupelian					Tinguirirican					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian					Tinguirirican					33.9
		Priabonian					Divisaderan					35.9 *
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Lutetian					Mustersan					41.9 *
		Ypresian					Mustersan					47.8
		Ypresian					Casamayoran					47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican					56
							Itaboraian					56.9 *
							Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
		Danian					Tiupampan					62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian		443.8
		Katian				Gamachian		445.2
						Richmondian		446 *
						Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian		450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian				Chatfieldian		453
						Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean				477.7
						Stairsian				480.3 *
						Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Skullrockian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			485.4
								Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			487.5
								Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids				497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai				509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
												538.8