PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Australia	Devonian of Eastern North America		Silurian of North America			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of Britain			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Nihewanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian															Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian															Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian															Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Yushean						2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
																	Hemphillian	4.7
												Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
																	Clarendonian	9.4
												Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5															11.63
		Serravallian															Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										Shanwangian						13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
												Xiejiaan					Hemingfordian	16.9
																	Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4															23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3														Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian															Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian															Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian															Bridgerian	47.8
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1														Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian															Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian															Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian														100.5
				Middle Albian														106.2 *
				Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian														113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian														119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian														139.8
				Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
				Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5									Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian											Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan								448.9 *
					Pusgillian								449.3 *
					Caradoc							Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan		451.5 *
												Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4											453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
												Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Llanvirn							Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig							Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										Fennian			470
												Whitlandian			471.1 *
												Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadoc							Migneintian			477.7
					Tremadoc							Cressagian			480.8 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5												Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10													Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian													Iverian	489.5
		Paibian													Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4												Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian													Boomerangian	499
		Drumian		Undillan											500.5
		Drumian		Floran											503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Templetonian											504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian											507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian											509
		Stage 4				510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
																		538.8