PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of China	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Siberia			Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene				Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5						Middle Miocene				Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene					15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4						Late Oligocene					23.03
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene					27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Late Eocene				Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Late Eocene				Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene				Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene				Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Late Paleocene				Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian							Late Paleocene				Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene				Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian							Early Paleocene				Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian							Early Paleocene				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								Late Albian			100.5
											Middle Albian			106.2 *
											Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2								Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian			139.8
											Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
											Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5								Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan			259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kuhfengian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Luodianian			273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian			283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian			285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Zisongian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Zisongian			298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4				Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2				470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian			489.5
							Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
							Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan					505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4					509
						Toyonian	Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
						Botomian	Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Botomian	Botomian		514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian	Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian	Tommotian		521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1				Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
														538.8