PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene								Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene								Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene							Villanyian		2.58
		Piacenzian					Late Pliocene							Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene								Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene							Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian												Turolian		7.246
														Vallesian		8.7
														Vallesian	Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Middle Miocene							Astaracian	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene							Orleanian		15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
														Agenian		20
		Aquitanian												Agenian		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene					Kekeamuan				27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3				Late Eocene					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene						Bumbanian		Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Late Paleocene					Gashatan			Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian					Late Paleocene					Gashatan			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene								Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian					Early Paleocene								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7													72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6													145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5													149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4													165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4													168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian	303.7
				Khamovnikian	304.8
				Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Myachkovian	307
				Podolskian	308.9 *
				Kashirian	311.4 *
				Vereian	313.8
				Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian	315.2
				Cheremshanian	316.9 *
				Prikamian	318.6 *
				Severokeltmian	319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
				Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Zapaltjubian	323.2
				Protvian	324.4 *
				Steshevian	326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10				Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									489.5
								Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			492.2 *
						Maentwrogian					493.1 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		St Davids		Middle Cambrian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian						Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai		Early Cambrian	Amgan/Solvan			509
								Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
								Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Botomian			514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian			521
		Stage 2						Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
																538.8