PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126006 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of North America	Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of England		Cambrian of Siberia			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean										Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5									Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3									Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian										Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Late Albian								100.5
					Middle Albian								106.2 *
					Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian								113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian								139.8
					Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
					Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian						Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2						470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian			489.5
									Aksaian			490.7 *
									Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian							Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Amgan/Solvan			509
									Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
									Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2						Botomian			514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian						521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Nemakit-Daldynian					Manykaian †	529
													538.8