PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Devonian of France	Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of Siberia			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian														Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian														Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian														Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean														Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian														Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian														Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
																Hemingfordian	16.3
																Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan								27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian														Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian						Bridgerian	47.8
																Wasatchian	50.5
																Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Gashatan							Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian							Gashatan							Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian														Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian														Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian														Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8														66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7														72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6														83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4														100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3														113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2														121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2														125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1														132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6														145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5														149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4														165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4														168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3														174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2														184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
							Dobrotivian				458.5 *
							Oretanian				459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Tremadocian				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Late Cambrian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian										Batyrbaian			489.5
												Aksaian			490.7 *
												Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								Middle Cambrian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian										Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian										Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3									Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Early Cambrian	Amgan/Solvan			509
												Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
												Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2									Botomian			514
		Stage 3										Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Tommotian			521
		Stage 2										Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1									Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
																	538.8