PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126029 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of China		Devonian of France	Permian of the Salt Range	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5							Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene		15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene		27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							Bumbanian	Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Gashatan		Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Gashatan		Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4									100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6									145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5									149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4									168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3									174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2									184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Induan		251.2
		Induan		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Kathwai	251.902
					252.4 *
				Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Chhidru	254.14
				Kalabagh	255 *
				Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
					265.3 *
				Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			Cantabrian	307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Couvinien			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5					445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian						Paibian		494
		Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529				Meishucunian
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Jinnigian				530.7
												538.8