PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126006 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean		0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean		0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean		0.014
				Chibanian							Rancholabrean		0.129
				Chibanian							Irvingtonian		0.21
				Calabrian							Irvingtonian		0.774
				Calabrian							Blancan		1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
				Zanclean									3.6
				Zanclean							Hemphillian		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian							Clarendonian		9.4
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5						Clarendonian		11.63
				Serravallian							Barstovian		12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian									15.98
											Hemingfordian		16.3
											Arikareean		18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
											Whitneyan		29.5
											Orellan		31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Chadronian		33.9
				Priabonian							Duchesnean		37
				Bartonian							Duchesnean		37.71
				Bartonian							Uintan		39.7
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2						Uintan		41.2
				Lutetian							Bridgerian		46.2
				Ypresian							Bridgerian		47.8
											Wasatchian		50.5
											Clarkforkian		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Clarkforkian		56
				Thanetian							Tiffanian		56.2
				Selandian							Tiffanian		59.2
				Selandian							Torrejonian		60.9
				Danian							Torrejonian		61.6
				Danian							Puercan		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7								72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6								83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								100.5
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3								113
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2								121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								132.6
				Berriasian	Cretaceous 1								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								145
				Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5								149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian	Jurassic 4								165.3
				Bajocian	Jurassic 4								168.2
				Aalenian	Jurassic 3								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3								174.7
				Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2								184.2
Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian		Midian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Wordian		Murgabian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266.2 *
			Roadian	Permian 3	Murgabian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian		273.01
			Kungurian		Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian		Bolorian		283.5
			Artinskian		Yakhtashian		286
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian					305.9
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5				445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2				470
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				477.7
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian			489.5
								Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian								494
			Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				Ayusokkanian			497
			Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian			499.5
			Drumian					Mayan/Menevian			500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan			509
								Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
								Botomian			512.5 *
			Stage 3	Cambrian 2				Botomian			514
			Stage 3					Atdabanian			515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian			521
			Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
			Fortunian	Cambrian 1				Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										1000
		Ectasian										1200
		Calymmian										1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian										1600
		Orosirian										1800
		Rhyacian										2050
		Siderian				2300
Archean	Neoarchean					2500
	Mesoarchean					2800
	Paleoarchean					3200
	Eoarchean					3600
Hadean						4000
													4600