PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of North America	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of China			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene								Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene								Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene									2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene								Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene								Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene									15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene									23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene									27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene								Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene								Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene								Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene								Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene								Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene								Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene								Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Lancian/Edmontonian								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4										100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6										145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5										149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4										165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4										168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3										174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2										184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4			208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Wordian				Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Kungurian				Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian				Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian				Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Virgilian	Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	Dorogomilovian		303.7
							Khamovnikian		304.8
							Krevyakinian		305.8 *
						Desmoinesian	Krevyakinian		305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Myachkovian		307
							Podolskian		308.9 *
							Kashirian		311.4 *
						Atokan	Kashirian		312.7 *
							Vereian		313.8
							Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian					Melekessian		315.2
							Cheremshanian		316.9 *
						Morrowan	Cheremshanian		318.4 *
							Prikamian		318.6 *
							Severokeltmian		319.9 *
							Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
							Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Chesterian	Zapaltjubian		323.2
							Protvian		324.4 *
							Steshevian		326.8 *
							Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Venevian			330.9
				Mikhailovian			331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Meramecian	Tulian	335.8 *
				Meramecian	Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Osagean	Bobrikian	343.1 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
				Kinderhookian	Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian	Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Xinchangian				477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Xinchangian			Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10								Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian								Iverian	489.5
		Paibian								Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian								Boomerangian	499
		Drumian								Undillan	500.5
		Drumian						Floran		503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Templetonian		504.5
		Wuliuan						Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4						Ordian		509
		Stage 4								510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
													538.8