PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene						Lujanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								0.129
					Irvingtonian								0.21
										Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene									0.774
					Blancan								1.4
										Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian								Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene						Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene						Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene						Chapadmalalan			3.6
										Montehermosan			3.7 *
					Hemphillian					Montehermosan			4.7
										Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
										Chasicoan			7.9 *
					Clarendonian					Chasicoan			9.4
										Mayoan			9.9 *
										Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene									11.63
					Barstovian								12.5
										Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian								Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian								Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene						Friasian			15.98
										Santacrucian			16.2 *
					Hemingfordian					Santacrucian			16.3
					Hemingfordian					Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
					Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian								Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene									23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene									27.82
										Tinguirirican			28.9 *
					Whitneyan								29.5
					Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene	Chadronian								33.9
					Chadronian					Divisaderan			35.9 *
					Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene	Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										41.2
										Mustersan			41.9 *
					Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene									47.8
										Casamayoran			47.9 *
					Wasatchian								50.5
					Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian					Riochican			56
					Tiffanian					Riochican			56.2
										Itaboraian			56.9 *
										Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene									61.6
										Tiupampan			62.4 *
					Puercan					Tiupampan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Senonian						Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6					83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Gallic		100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4					168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3					174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Bolindian		443.8
		Katian			Bolindian		445.2
					Eastonian		449 *
					Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Gisbornian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian		458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Yapeenian		467.3
		Dapingian			Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian		470
					Bendigonian		471.8 *
					Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
													538.8