PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of North America		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Silurian Ages of Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean	0.129
														Irvingtonian	0.21
											Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian													0.774
														Blancan	1.4
											Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian									Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian									Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean									Chapadmalalan				3.6
											Montehermosan				3.7 *
											Montehermosan			Hemphillian	4.7
											Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
											Chasicoan				7.9 *
											Chasicoan			Clarendonian	9.4
											Mayoan				9.9 *
											Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5												11.63
														Barstovian	12.5
											Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian									Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian									Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian									Friasian				15.98
											Santacrucian				16.2 *
											Santacrucian			Hemingfordian	16.3
											Colhuehuapian			Hemingfordian	17.4 *
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian									Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
											Tinguirirican				28.9 *
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3											Chadronian	33.9
											Divisaderan			Chadronian	35.9 *
														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
											Mustersan				41.9 *
														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													47.8
											Casamayoran				47.9 *
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1								Riochican			Clarkforkian	56
											Riochican			Tiffanian	56.2
											Itaboraian				56.9 *
											Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													61.6
											Tiupampan				62.4 *
											Tiupampan			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian		100.5
				Middle Albian		106.2 *
				Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian		113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian		139.8
				Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
				Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran			Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Dyeran				514
						Montezuman				514.8 *
						Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
															538.8