PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Silurian Ages of Europe	European Faunal Zones	Carboniferous of Western Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian							MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene				MN 16			2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene				MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene				MN 15			3.6
									MN 14			4.2
									MN 14		Hemphillian	4.7
									MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene				MN 13			5.333
		Tortonian							MN 12			7.246
									MN 11			7.75
									MN 10			8.7
									MN 10		Clarendonian	9.4
									MN 9			9.7
									MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Middle Miocene							11.63
											Barstovian	12.5
									MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian							MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene				MN 4			15.98
									MN 4		Hemingfordian	16.3
									MN 3		Hemingfordian	16.9
									MN 3		Arikareean	18.5
									MN 2			20
		Aquitanian							MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian							MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Late Oligocene							23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene							27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Late Eocene						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene						Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Late Paleocene						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4									100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1	Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Kuzel		Late Pennsylvanian	Mapingian †	298.9
				Stephanian				Stephanian C		300.3 *
								Stephanian B		300.9 *
								Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A		303.7
								Cantabrian	305 *
									305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			Middle Pennsylvanian			307
				Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Late Mississippian		Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Middle Mississippian		Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian	Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian	Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	Late Famennian					358.9
				Middle Famennian					365.3 *
				Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4	Late Frasnian					372.2
				Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
				Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	Late Givetian					382.7
				Middle Givetian					383.7 *
				Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian					387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian					390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Late Emsian					393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2	Early Emsian					398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1	Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian					410.8
				Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
												538.8