PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian of France	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Mesozoic Subages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian													Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian													Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian			MN 17											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16											2.58
		Piacenzian			MN 15											3.2
		Zanclean			MN 15											3.6
					MN 14											4.2
					MN 14										Hemphillian	4.7
					MN 13											4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			MN 13											5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12											7.246
					MN 11											7.75
					MN 10											8.7
					MN 10										Clarendonian	9.4
					MN 9											9.7
					MN 7 + 8											11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													11.63
															Barstovian	12.5
					MN 6											12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5											13.82
		Burdigalian			MN 4											15.98
					MN 4										Hemingfordian	16.3
					MN 3										Hemingfordian	16.9
					MN 3										Arikareean	18.5
					MN 2											20
		Aquitanian			MN 2											20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1											22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3												Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1												Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian													Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian													Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4											Late Albian		100.5
														Middle Albian		106.2 *
														Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3											Late Aptian		113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian		139.8
				Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
				Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Oteke		Puaroan	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kawhia		Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian		150
						Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
						Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian		174.7
				Herangi		Ururoan	Late Toarcian		176
							Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
							Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour		Otapirian			201.4
		Norian				Warepan	Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
						Otamitan			217
						Oretian			221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian	Oretian	227
				Gore	Tuvalian	Kaihikuan	227.5
					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian		237
					Longobardian	Etalian	238
					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
					Aegean	Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian		247.2
					Smithian		248.9 *
					Smithian	Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
					Griesbachian		251.4 *
				DUrville	Griesbachian	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian				Barettian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian					Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Late Famennian	Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian		365.3 *
									Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4						Late Frasnian	Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Late Givetian	Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian		383.7 *
								Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian	Couvinien	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2					Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Pragian		407.6
		Pragian						Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian									Pirgu	445.2
											Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
											Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								Keila	Idavere †	453
											Haljala		453.9
											Kukruse		456.4 *
											Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								Uhaku		458.4
											Lasnamagi		458.9 *
											Aseri		460.4 *
										Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
											Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
					Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Volkhov								467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen								469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
					Hunneberg								473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Hunneberg								477.7
					Varangu								481.3 *
					Pakerort								482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Pakerort								485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
																538.8