PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of North America	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian															Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian															Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian															Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean															Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian															Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian															Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian															Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian															Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian															Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian															Bridgerian	47.8
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian															Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian															Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian			100.5
															Middle Albian			106.2 *
															Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian													Late Aptian			113
		Aptian													Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian			139.8
															Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
															Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan					Late Kimmeridgian			150
			Early Kimmeridgian	152.2 *						Ohauan
			Early Kimmeridgian	Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			Late Bajocian	168.2
						Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
						Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
				Herangi		Thouarsense		Ururoan	176
									180.1
							Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Middle Toarcian		182
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour			Otapirian		201.4
		Norian					Warepan	Sevatian	208.5
								Alaunian	213.2 *
								Lacian	216.7 *
							Otamitan		217
							Oretian		221
		Carnian					Oretian	Tuvalian	227
				Gore			Kaihikuan	Tuvalian	227.5
								Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian	237
							Etalian	Longobardian	238
								Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian	242
								Pelsonian	243.8 *
								Bithynian	244.7 *
								Aegean	245.5 *
							Malakovian	Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian	247.2
								Smithian	248.9 *
							Nelsonian	Smithian	249
		Induan						Dienerian	251.2
								Griesbachian	251.4 *
				DUrville			Makarewan	Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima			Flettian		Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Flettian		Wordian	264.28
		Wordian					Barettian		Wordian	266
		Roadian							Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
							Mangapirian			Cathedralian	276
										Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian									283.5
							Telfordian				285
							Telfordian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
											288.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian								Bursumian †	Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Virgilian			298.9
		Kasimovian							Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian							Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian							Desmoinesian			307
		Moscovian							Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian							Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian							Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian				323.2
		Visean			Chesterian				330.9
					Meramecian				335.8 *
					Osagean				343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean				346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian				351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †			483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian			Tavgian †			Ketyan †/Yurakian			Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10											Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												489.5
			Aksaian											490.7 *
			Sakian											492.2 *
													Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian									St Davids		497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian											499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian											500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan					Caerfai				509
			Toyonian			Lenian †						510 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian									514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian									515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †						529
																		538.8