PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
											Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
												Blancan	1.4
											Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian									Waipipian		3
		Zanclean									Waipipian		3.6
											Opoitian		3.7
											Opoitian	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
												Clarendonian	9.4
										Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian											11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
											Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian		13.82
											Clifdenian		15.1
										Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
											Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian									Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Waitakian		23.03
											Duntroonian		25.2
											Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian	33.9
										Arnold	Runangan		34.6
											Kaiatan		36.7
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											37.71
											Bortonian		39.1
												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
											Heretaungan		45.7
												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
											Mangaorapan		48.9
											Mangaorapan	Wasatchian	50.5
											Waipawan	Wasatchian	52
											Waipawan	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Teurian	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian										Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian				320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian				321.5 *
					Alportian				322 *
					Chokierian				323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian				323.2
					Arnsbergian				324 *
					Pendleian				327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni					443.8
		Katian		Pirgu					445.2
				Vormsi			449.6 *
				Nabala			Johvi †		450 *
			Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
				Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian		Keila			Idavere †		453
				Haljala		453.9
				Kukruse		456.4 *
				Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku			458.4
				Lasnamagi			458.9 *
				Aseri			460.4 *
			Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
				Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
				Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian		Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian		Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
						Latorp †			470.1 *
				Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg					Ungurian	477.7
				Varangu						481.3 *
				Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort		Batyrbaian				485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
						Aksaian				490.7 *
						Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian				Sakian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian				497
		Guzhangian								499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan				Tuesaian				504.5
		Wuliuan								505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4								509
						Toyonian				510 *
						Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian				514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian				521
													525.5