PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126536 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of the Baltic	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene		Tertiary †					2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene						Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene					Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene							15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene					Cenozoic 4		23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene							27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene					Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian								Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene						Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene					Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian								Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian								Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Cretaceous 4		100.5
		Aptian								Cretaceous 3		113
		Barremian								Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian								Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian								Cretaceous 1		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian								Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites									168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum								168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum							Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense								174.7
			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian				Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian				Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4		Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Wordian						Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian				Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2				273.01
		Kungurian						Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian						Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian						Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian		303.7
								Khamovnikian		304.8
								Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4		Myachkovian		307
								Podolskian		308.9 *
								Kashirian		311.4 *
								Vereian		313.8
								Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian						Melekessian		315.2
								Cheremshanian		316.9 *
								Prikamian		318.6 *
								Severokeltmian		319.9 *
								Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
								Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3		Zapaltjubian		323.2
								Protvian		324.4 *
								Steshevian		326.8 *
								Tarusian		329 *
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	Venevian	330.9
						Mikhailovian	331.9 *
						Aleksinian	333.7 *
						Tulian	335.8 *
						Bobrikian	339.9 *
						Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	Kosvian	346.7
						Kizelian	350.7 *
						Cherepetian	351.9 *
						Karakubian	354.4 *
						Upinian	356.3 *
						Malevkian	357.6 *
						Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare		Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	Silurian 1	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	Datsonian		485.4
		Stage 10			Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian			Iverian		489.5
		Paibian			Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	Cambrian 4		Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian					Boomerangian	499
		Drumian					Undillan	500.5
		Drumian					Floran	503
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		Cambrian 3	Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †			Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4						Ordian	509
		Stage 4							510.8 *
		Stage 3					Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					Cambrian 1		529
												538.8