PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran	Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
																	Irvingtonian	0.21
																Castlecliffian		0.34
				Calabrian														0.774
																	Blancan	1.4
																Nukumaruan		1.63
				Gelasian												Nukumaruan		1.8
				Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian		2.58
				Piacenzian												Waipipian		3
				Zanclean												Waipipian		3.6
																Opoitian		3.7
																Opoitian	Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
				Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
				Tortonian														7.246
																	Clarendonian	9.4
															Southland	Waiauan		11.04
				Serravallian														11.63
																	Barstovian	12.5
																Lillburnian		13.05
				Langhian												Lillburnian		13.82
																Clifdenian		15.1
															Pareora	Altonian		15.9
				Burdigalian														15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
																Otaian		18.7
				Aquitanian												Otaian		20.44
				Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian		23.03
																Duntroonian		25.2
																Whaingaroan		27.3
				Rupelian														27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian	33.9
															Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																Kaiatan		36.7
																	Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian														37.71
																Bortonian		39.1
																	Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian														41.2
															Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																Heretaungan		45.7
																	Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian														47.8
																Mangaorapan		48.9
																Mangaorapan	Wasatchian	50.5
																Waipawan	Wasatchian	52
																Waipawan	Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Teurian	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian													Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian													Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian													Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian													Puercan	63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian		Korangan		113
			Aptian				117.5
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
			Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian						Wordian	264.28
			Roadian						Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian							Nealian	293.52
			Asselian							Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Kuzel	298.9
											Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
												Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian									Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian									Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian									Cantabrian	307
											Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
												Westphalian C	309.8
												Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian									Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A						317 *
						Namurian					Yeadonian	318.8 *
											Marsdenian	320.2 *
											Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
											Alportian	322 *
											Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chokierian	323.2
											Arnsbergian	324 *
											Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian					Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian					Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian					Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian						346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian						353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni			443.8
			Katian		Pirgu			445.2
					Vormsi			449.6 *
					Nabala			Johvi †				450 *
				Viru	Rakvere							450.6 *
					Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian		Keila		Idavere †	453
					Haljala			453.9
					Kukruse			456.4 *
					Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku			458.4
					Lasnamagi			458.9 *
Aseri					460.4 *
Oeland				Kunda	462.9 *
				Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
				Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian	Volkhov				467.3
			Dapingian	Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
					Latorp †			470.1 *
				Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian	Hunneberg				477.7
				Varangu				481.3 *
				Pakerort				482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort	Merioneth			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
								Festiniogian		489.2 *
			Jiangshanian					Festiniogian		489.5
			Jiangshanian					Maentwrogian		493.1 *
			Paibian					Maentwrogian		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids					497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai					509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635