PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian of France	Cambrian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene				Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene				Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene					15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene					23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene					27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene				Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene				Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene				Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene				Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene				Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian								Late Paleocene				Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene				Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Early Paleocene				Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Early Paleocene				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian			100.5
												Middle Albian			106.2 *
												Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian			113
		Aptian										Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian			139.8
												Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
												Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras		Late Bajocian	168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Late Bajocian	168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Late Toarcian	174.7
			Planulata			179.3 *
						Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Kanense				181.3 *
			Carlottense				182.3 *
			Carlottense		Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Kunae		Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Freboldi				185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
										Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian							Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
										Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
										Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
										Middle Givetian	383.7 *
				Early Givetian						385.9 *
		Eifelian		Couvinien					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian							Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian							Pragian	407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien					Pragian	408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine					Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian		Albertian †		497
		Drumian	Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran		Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran				514
			Montezuman				514.8 *
			Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
															538.8