PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126144 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5								Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4									23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3								Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1								Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		Cretaceous 4									100.5
			Middle Albian											106.2 *
			Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3									113
		Aptian	Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3									119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
			Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
			Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6						Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5									149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian								Kawhia	Ohauan		150
			Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *						Ohauan
			Early Kimmeridgian			Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Late Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Early Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
						Herangi	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Ururoan	176
							Planulata		179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
							Kanense			181.3 *
							Carlottense			182.3 *
			Early Toarcian				Carlottense			182.9 *
			Early Toarcian				Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2		Kunae			184.2
							Freboldi			185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Aratauran			188.9
											189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1						192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				Warepan				208.5
			Alaunian								213.2 *
			Lacian								216.7 *
							Otamitan				217
							Oretian				221
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3		Oretian				227
			Tuvalian			Gore	Kaihikuan				227.5
			Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2						237
			Longobardian				Etalian				238
			Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian								242
			Pelsonian								243.8 *
			Bithynian								244.7 *
			Aegean								245.5 *
			Aegean				Malakovian				246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1						247.2
			Smithian								248.9 *
			Smithian				Nelsonian				249
		Induan	Dienerian								251.2
			Griesbachian								251.4 *
			Griesbachian			DUrville	Makarewan				251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4		Makarewan				Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian					253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian					254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan					254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian					259.51
		Wordian										264.28
											Noginskian	264.9 *
							Barettian					266
		Roadian			Permian 3							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2							273.01
							Mangapirian					276
											Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian										283.5
							Telfordian					285
							Telfordian				Rusavkinian	287.6 *
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian					Dorogomilovian				303.7
							Khamovnikian				304.8
							Krevyakinian				305.8 *
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		Myachkovian				307
							Podolskian				308.9 *
							Kashirian				311.4 *
							Vereian				313.8
							Melekessian				314.8
		Bashkirian					Melekessian				315.2
							Cheremshanian				316.9 *
							Prikamian				318.6 *
							Severokeltmian				319.9 *
							Krasnopolyanian				321.2 *
							Voznesenian				321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		Zapaltjubian				323.2
							Protvian				324.4 *
							Steshevian				326.8 *
							Tarusian				329 *
		Visean			Carboniferous 2		Venevian				330.9
							Mikhailovian				331.9 *
							Aleksinian			333.7 *
							Tulian			335.8 *
							Bobrikian	339.9 *
							Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1		Kosvian	346.7
							Kizelian	350.7 *
							Cherepetian	351.9 *
							Karakubian	354.4 *
							Upinian	356.3 *
							Malevkian	357.6 *
							Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		Emsian		393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1		Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Kosovian				443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian			Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									458.4
					Dobrotivian							458.5 *
					Oretanian							459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10			Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian			Iverian	489.5
		Paibian			Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian			Boomerangian	499
		Drumian			Undillan	500.5
		Drumian			Floran	503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan			Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Ordian	509
		Stage 4				510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
														538.8