PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian									Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian									Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean									Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5						Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4							23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian									Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian									Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian									Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian									Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian									Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian									Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8	Senonian						66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		Cretaceous 4	Gallic						100.5
			Middle Albian									106.2 *
			Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3							113
		Aptian	Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3							119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2	Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
			Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
			Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6							145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5							149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3		227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2		Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1			Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
						Alexandrian			438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton	440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian			Paibian					494
		Paibian			Paibian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4	Guzhangian				Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4	Drumian				Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3	Wuliuan/Taijangian					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3	Duyunian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2	Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2	Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1	Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1	Jinnigian					530.7
												538.8