PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126192 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Pamirs	Permian of China	Silurian of the Baltic	South American Land Mammal Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian						Lujanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
						Cudahyan/Sappan										Irvingtonian	0.21
												Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian															0.774
						Senecan/Rexroadian										Blancan	1.4
												Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian										Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Vorohuean					2.58
		Piacenzian										Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean										Chapadmalalan					3.6
												Montehermosan					3.7 *
						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Montehermosan				Hemphillian	4.7
												Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
												Chasicoan					7.9 *
						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Chasicoan				Clarendonian	9.4
												Mayoan					9.9 *
												Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5												11.63
						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										Barstovian	12.5
												Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian										Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian										Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian										Friasian					15.98
												Santacrucian					16.2 *
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Santacrucian				Hemingfordian	16.3
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Colhuehuapian				Hemingfordian	17.4 *
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian										Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
							Monroecreekian										23.1 *
							Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan			27.82
												Tinguirirican					28.9 *
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian	33.9
						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Divisaderan				Chadronian	35.9 *
																Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2												41.2
												Mustersan					41.9 *
						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													Bumbanian		47.8
												Casamayoran					47.9 *
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										Wasatchian	50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Riochican		Gashatan		Clarkforkian	56
								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Riochican				Tiffanian	56.2
												Itaboraian					56.9 *
												Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															61.6
												Tiupampan					62.4 *
			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan				63.8				Tiupampan
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8						66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	Cretaceous 7						72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Cretaceous 6						83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian	Cretaceous 4						100.5
			Middle Albian							106.2 *
			Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian	Cretaceous 3						113
		Aptian	Early Aptian	Cretaceous 3						119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian							139.8
			Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
			Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian								174.7
			Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
			Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian								208.5
			Alaunian								213.2 *
			Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian							Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian							Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian							Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				Triassic 1			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian							251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4			Dorashamian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian								Dorashamian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian								Dzhulfian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian								Dzhulfian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Midian				Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Midian				Kuhfengian	264.28
		Wordian				Murgabian					266.2 *
		Roadian				Murgabian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2	Kubergandian			Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian					Bolorian				279.8
		Artinskian									283.5
										Longlinian	285.4 *
							Yakhtashian				286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1	Asselian	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2			Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		430.5				Jaagarahu
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	Silurian 1			433.4
		Telychian		Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4							453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian		Ordovician 3					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian						Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
			Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadoc				Migneintian	477.7
				Tremadoc				Cressagian	480.8 *
									485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
																	538.8