PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Britain	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian													Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian													Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †			MN 16			2.58
		Piacenzian											MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean											MN 15			3.6
													MN 14			4.2
													MN 14		Hemphillian	4.7
													MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian											MN 13			5.333
		Tortonian											MN 12			7.246
													MN 11			7.75
													MN 10			8.7
													MN 10		Clarendonian	9.4
													MN 9			9.7
													MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian							Cenozoic 5							11.63
															Barstovian	12.5
													MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian											MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian											MN 4			15.98
													MN 4		Hemingfordian	16.3
													MN 3		Hemingfordian	16.9
													MN 3		Arikareean	18.5
													MN 2			20
		Aquitanian											MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian											MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4							23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Cenozoic 3						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cenozoic 1						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian													Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian													Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8							66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian						Cretaceous 4							100.5
			Middle Albian													106.2 *
			Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian						Cretaceous 3							113
		Aptian	Early Aptian	119.5 *					Cretaceous 3
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian		139.8
			Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
			Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Late Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Early Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
					Planulata		179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
					Kanense			181.3 *
					Carlottense			182.3 *
			Early Toarcian		Carlottense			182.9 *
			Early Toarcian		Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Kunae	Jurassic 2		184.2
					Freboldi			185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1			192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian						208.5
			Alaunian						213.2 *
			Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				Triassic 3		227
		Carnian	Julian				Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian						243.8 *
			Bithynian						244.7 *
			Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian						251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian					Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian					Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean					Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf			Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian			Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian			Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian			Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen			Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine			Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5						Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4									453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3						Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian		Ordovician 3							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2				467.3			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn
		Dapingian						Arenig		Fennian	468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470					Fennian
					Whitlandian	471.1 *
					Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	Tremadoc	Migneintian		477.7
					Tremadoc	Cressagian		480.8 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5				485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4				Series 3 †		497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4						500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3					Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3						509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1						529
																538.8