PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6					Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene				Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene				Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene					15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene					23.03
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene					27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene				Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene				Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene				Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2					Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene				Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene				Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian					Late Paleocene				Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene				Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene				Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian					Early Paleocene				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8						66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Cretaceous 7						72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Cretaceous 6						83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			Cretaceous 4						100.5
			Middle Albian									106.2 *
			Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian			Cretaceous 3						113
		Aptian	Early Aptian			Cretaceous 3						119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
			Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
			Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6						145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5						149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian	Permian 4		Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian						Leine	264.28
		Wordian			Noginskian			Leine	264.9 *
		Roadian				Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2			273.01
		Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian				276.8 *
		Artinskian			Pavlovoposadian				283.5
		Artinskian			Rusavkinian				287.6 *
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian				303.7
					Khamovnikian		304.8
					Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian	Carboniferous 4	307
					Podolskian		308.9 *
					Kashirian		311.4 *
					Vereian		313.8
					Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian		315.2
					Cheremshanian		316.9 *
					Prikamian		318.6 *
					Severokeltmian		319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
					Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
					Protvian		324.4 *
					Steshevian		326.8 *
					Tarusian		329 *
		Visean			Venevian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
					Mikhailovian		331.9 *
					Aleksinian		333.7 *
					Tulian		335.8 *
					Bobrikian		339.9 *
					Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
				Kizelian		350.7 *
				Cherepetian		351.9 *
				Karakubian		354.4 *
				Upinian		356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5	Cincinnatian	Gamachian		443.8
		Katian					Gamachian		445.2
							Richmondian		446 *
							Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian			450.4 *
			Mohawkian			Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4	Chatfieldian	453
						Turinian	453.7 *
			Whiterockian				Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3					458.4
		Dapingian			Ordovician 2			467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian		469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	Tulean				477.7
						Stairsian				480.3 *
						Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5	Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10								487.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4					497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Cambrian 3					509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1					529
												538.8