PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England		Precambrian of Russia	Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of Britain		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6							Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian				Cenozoic 5							Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4								23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3							Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian				Cenozoic 2							Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian											Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1							Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian											Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8								66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Cretaceous 7								72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Cretaceous 6								83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			Cretaceous 4								100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian			Cretaceous 3								113
				Aptian	Early Aptian			Cretaceous 3								119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			Cretaceous 2								121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2								125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			Cretaceous 1								132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6								145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6								146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5								149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
			Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Vokhmian	Triassic 1	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
			Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
			Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian				Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian				Carboniferous 4		307
			Bashkirian						315.2
								Huashibanian	318.5 *
								Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean				Carboniferous 2	Shangsian	330.9
			Visean				Carboniferous 2	Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2		393.3
			Pragian				Devonian 1		407.6
			Lochkovian				Devonian 1		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1		433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian						Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
			Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian		Ordovician 4								453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3					Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
			Darriwilian		Ordovician 3						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
			Dapingian		Ordovician 2						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian							Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian								Fennian			470
											Whitlandian			471.1 *
											Moridunian			474.3 *
			Tremadocian		Ordovician 1					Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
										Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
										485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5					485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4					497
			Drumian		Cambrian 4	500.5
			Wuliuan		Cambrian 3	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3	509
		Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2	514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1	529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian			538.8
			Cryogenian											635
			Tonian											720
			Tonian								Karatau			800
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau			1000
			Stenian								Yurmatian			1100
			Ectasian								Yurmatian			1200
			Ectasian								Burzyan			1375
																1400