PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125959 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Silurian Ages of Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
									Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
												Blancan	1.4
									Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean							Chapadmalalan				3.6
									Montehermosan				3.7 *
									Montehermosan			Hemphillian	4.7
									Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
									Chasicoan				7.9 *
									Chasicoan			Clarendonian	9.4
									Mayoan				9.9 *
									Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian											11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
									Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian							Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian							Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Friasian				15.98
									Santacrucian				16.2 *
									Santacrucian			Hemingfordian	16.3
									Colhuehuapian			Hemingfordian	17.4 *
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
									Tinguirirican				28.9 *
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian	33.9
									Divisaderan			Chadronian	35.9 *
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
									Mustersan				41.9 *
												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
									Casamayoran				47.9 *
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Riochican			Clarkforkian	56
									Riochican			Tiffanian	56.2
									Itaboraian				56.9 *
									Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											61.6
									Tiupampan				62.4 *
									Tiupampan			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		100.5
			Middle Albian		106.2 *
			Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian		113
		Aptian	Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian		139.8
			Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
			Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian		307			Cantabrian
				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian			Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
	Wenlock	Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
													430.5