PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126186 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of North America						Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of China		Devonian of France	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Cenozoic 6							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian															Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian															Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian															Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean															Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean															Early Pliocene	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian																Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian									Cenozoic 5						Middle Miocene	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian																Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian															Early Miocene		15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Cenozoic 4				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian													Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene		27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Cenozoic 3				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Cenozoic 2							Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														Bumbanian	Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
																		Wasatchian	50.5
																		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Cenozoic 1				Gashatan		Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian													Gashatan		Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian															Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8								66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian								Cretaceous 4								100.5
			Middle Albian																106.2 *
			Early Albian																109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian								Cretaceous 3								113
		Aptian	Early Aptian								Cretaceous 3								119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2								125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian																139.8
			Middle Berriasian																140.6 *
			Early Berriasian																142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6								145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5								149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian																152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Griesbachian			251.4 *
			Griesbachian			Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian			Permian 3	Amb	266.9
		Roadian			Permian 3		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
		Asselian			Permian 1		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4			Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3			Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
				Pendleian				327.4 *
		Visean		Carboniferous 2	Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3	Couvinien				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1					407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian					Gamachian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian		445.2
									Richmondian		446 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
				Mohawkian					Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						Chatfieldian	453
									Turinian	453.7 *
				Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2									467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian					Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian		Cambrian 5	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10										Niuchehean		487.5
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian										Paibian		494
		Paibian										Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Cambrian 4	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian									Cambrian 4	Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan									Cambrian 3	Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Cambrian 3	Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3									Cambrian 2	Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Cambrian 2	Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian									Cambrian 1	Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian									Cambrian 1	Jinnigian		530.7
																			538.8