PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of North America	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian													Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian													Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean													Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian													Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian													Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian													Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian													100.5
			Middle Albian													106.2 *
			Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian													113
		Aptian	Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian													139.8
			Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
			Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan						145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian						Kawhia	Ohauan						150
			Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *					Ohauan
			Early Kimmeridgian		Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian	227
			Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
			Longobardian			Etalian	238
			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
			Aegean			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian	Wordian	264.28
		Wordian				Barettian	Wordian	266
		Roadian					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
						Mangapirian		Cathedralian	276
								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian			285
						Telfordian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †	Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian			298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian			307
		Moscovian					Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian			323.2
		Visean					Chesterian			330.9
							Meramecian			335.8 *
				Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Tremadocian					477.7
		Tremadocian					Mansian †			483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10											Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												489.5
							Aksaian							490.7 *
							Sakian							492.2 *
													Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian					St Davids		497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan				Caerfai					509
			Toyonian							Lenian †		510 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian									514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian									515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian							Manykaian †		529
																538.8