PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of North America		Permian of Western Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of France	Cambrian of China		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6					Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian						Cenozoic 5					Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4						23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Cenozoic 3					Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2					Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cenozoic 1					Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8						66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					Cretaceous 7						72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					Cretaceous 6						83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian					Cretaceous 4						100.5
			Middle Albian											106.2 *
			Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian					Cretaceous 3						113
		Aptian	Early Aptian					Cretaceous 3						119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian					Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
			Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
			Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Jurassic 6						145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Jurassic 6						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5						149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Zechstein	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian				Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean				Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5		Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4		Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3		Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1			407.6
		Pragian						Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian				Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470		Ordovician 2
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Cambrian 5			Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10							Niuchehean		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Paibian			494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian		Albertian †			Cambrian 4	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian					Cambrian 4	Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan					Cambrian 3	Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran						Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran		Waucoban †				Duyunian		509
		Stage 4		Dyeran						Duyunian		511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran					Cambrian 2	Nangaoian		514
				Montezuman								514.8 *
				Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian							Cambrian 1	Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian							Cambrian 1	Jinnigian		530.7
														538.8