PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126006 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene						Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene				Cenozoic 5		Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene								15.98
											Hemingfordian		16.3
											Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene				Cenozoic 4				23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene								27.82
											Whitneyan		29.5
											Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene				Cenozoic 3		Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene						Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene						Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2		Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene						Bridgerian		47.8
											Wasatchian		50.5
											Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene				Cenozoic 1		Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene						Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian						Cretaceous 4				100.5
			Middle Albian										106.2 *
			Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian						Cretaceous 3				113
		Aptian	Early Aptian						Cretaceous 3				119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian						Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian										139.8
			Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
			Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Jurassic 6				145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Jurassic 6				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5				149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Late Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Early Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
						Planulata		179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
						Kanense			181.3 *
						Carlottense			182.3 *
			Early Toarcian			Carlottense			182.9 *
			Early Toarcian			Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Kunae	Jurassic 2		184.2
						Freboldi			185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1			192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian							208.5
			Alaunian							213.2 *
			Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					Triassic 3		227
		Carnian	Julian					Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian							243.8 *
			Bithynian							244.7 *
			Aegean							245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					Triassic 1		Vokhmian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian									248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian									251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian									251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5					Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian								Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian									305.9
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1	529
													538.8