PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126536 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of the Baltic	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene		Tertiary †					2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene						Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene					Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene							15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene					Cenozoic 4		23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene							27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene					Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian								Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene						Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene					Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian							Cretaceous 4		100.5
			Middle Albian									106.2 *
			Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian							Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian	Early Aptian							Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian							Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
			Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
			Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Triassic 3		227
		Carnian	Julian			Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4		Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Wordian						Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian				Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2				273.01
		Kungurian						Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian						Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian						Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian		303.7
					Khamovnikian		304.8
					Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4	Myachkovian	307
						Podolskian	308.9 *
						Kashirian	311.4 *
						Vereian	313.8
						Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian	315.2
						Cheremshanian	316.9 *
						Prikamian	318.6 *
						Severokeltmian	319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
						Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	Zapaltjubian	323.2
						Protvian	324.4 *
						Steshevian	326.8 *
						Tarusian	329 *
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	Venevian	330.9
						Mikhailovian	331.9 *
						Aleksinian	333.7 *
						Tulian	335.8 *
						Bobrikian	339.9 *
						Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare		Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian		Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani		Silurian 1	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	440.8	Raikkula
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5		Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10				Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian				Iverian	489.5
		Paibian				Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †		Cambrian 4	Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian					Boomerangian	499
		Drumian					Undillan	500.5
		Drumian					Floran	503
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3	Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †		Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4						Ordian	509
		Stage 4							510.8 *
		Stage 3					Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					Cambrian 1		529
												538.8