PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cambrian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units				North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Tertiary †					2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian											Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian											Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian											Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian											Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian											Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian											100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian											113
				Aptian	Early Aptian											119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian	Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		227
			Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Wordian			Noginskian		264.9 *
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
			Artinskian			Pavlovoposadian		283.5
			Artinskian			Rusavkinian		287.6 *
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian		303.7
						Khamovnikian		304.8
						Krevyakinian		305.8 *
			Moscovian			Myachkovian		307
						Podolskian		308.9 *
						Kashirian		311.4 *
						Vereian		313.8
						Melekessian		314.8
			Bashkirian			Melekessian		315.2
						Cheremshanian		316.9 *
						Prikamian		318.6 *
						Severokeltmian		319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
						Voznesenian		321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian		323.2
						Protvian		324.4 *
						Steshevian		326.8 *
						Tarusian		329 *
			Visean			Venevian		330.9
						Mikhailovian		331.9 *
						Aleksinian		333.7 *
						Tulian		335.8 *
						Bobrikian		339.9 *
						Radaevkian		343.4 *
			Tournaisian		Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian			Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
			Sandbian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
Hunjiang †			Darriwilian	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		Darriwilian		466.3 *
			Dapingian			Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian	470
			Tremadocian			Xinchangian	477.7
			Tremadocian	Lianghekou †		Xinchangian	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					Datsonian	485.4
								Payntonian	486.8 *
								Payntonian	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Iverian	Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Iverian	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Idamean	Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian					Albertian †	Series 3 †	Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian								Boomerangian	499
		Drumian								Undillan	500.5
		Drumian								Floran	503
		Wuliuan	Topazan							Stage 5 †	Templetonian	504.5
			Delamaran								Templetonian	506.5
											Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †			Ordian	509
												510.8 *
			Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran									514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635