PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126197 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of North America		Silurian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean			Cenozoic 6				0
				Meghalayan						Santarosean							0.0004
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean							0.014
				Chibanian						Rancholabrean							0.129
				Chibanian						Irvingtonian							0.21
				Calabrian						Irvingtonian							0.774
				Calabrian						Blancan							1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
				Zanclean													3.6
				Zanclean						Hemphillian							4.7
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Tortonian						Clarendonian							9.4
				Serravallian						Clarendonian			Cenozoic 5				11.63
				Serravallian						Barstovian							12.5
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
										Hemingfordian							16.3
										Arikareean							18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Cenozoic 4				23.03
				Rupelian													27.82
										Whitneyan							29.5
										Orellan							31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian			Cenozoic 3				33.9
				Priabonian						Duchesnean							37
				Bartonian						Duchesnean							37.71
				Bartonian						Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian						Uintan			Cenozoic 2				41.2
				Lutetian						Bridgerian							46.2
				Ypresian						Bridgerian							47.8
										Wasatchian							50.5
										Clarkforkian							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian			Cenozoic 1				56
				Thanetian						Tiffanian							56.2
				Selandian						Tiffanian							59.2
				Selandian						Torrejonian							60.9
				Danian						Torrejonian							61.6
				Danian						Puercan							63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Senonian				Cretaceous 8				66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Cretaceous 7				72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Cretaceous 6				83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5				93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian				Gallic				Cretaceous 4				100.5
					Middle Albian												106.2 *
					Early Albian												109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian								Cretaceous 3				113
				Aptian	Early Aptian								Cretaceous 3				119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								Cretaceous 2				121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				Neocomian				Cretaceous 2				125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								Cretaceous 1				132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
					Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
					Early Berriasian												142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6				145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6				146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5				149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
			Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Zechstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	Rotliegendes			259.51
			Wordian				Wordian				264.28
			Roadian			Permian 3	Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian								Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian					Autunian			Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian				Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian								Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian			Permian 1					Nealian	293.52
			Asselian			Permian 1					Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5					Late Pennsylvanian	Kuzel		298.9
												Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B				300.9 *
										Stephanian A				301.4 *
			Kasimovian							Stephanian A				303.7
			Kasimovian							Cantabrian				305 *
			Moscovian			Carboniferous 4				Cantabrian	Middle Pennsylvanian			307
										Westphalian		Westphalian D		307.4 *
												Westphalian C		309.8
												Westphalian B		314.6
			Bashkirian								Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B		315.2
												Westphalian A		317 *
										Namurian		Yeadonian		318.8 *
												Marsdenian		320.2 *
												Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
												Alportian		322 *
												Chokierian		323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3					Late Mississippian	Chokierian		323.2
												Arnsbergian		324 *
									Pendleian			327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian			Brigantian †	Carboniferous 2	Middle Mississippian	330.9
						Livian			Asbian †			336.3 *
						Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian				Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian				Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2					393.3
			Pragian			Devonian 1					407.6
			Lochkovian			Devonian 1					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2					Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli									Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									Lockportian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1						Ontarian		433.4
			Aeronian											438.5
														Alexandrian	438.7 *
											Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
															440.7 *
			Rhuddanian												440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5									443.8
			Katian			Ordovician 5									445.2
			Sandbian			Ordovician 4									453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3									458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			Ordovician 2									467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Ordovician 2									470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ordovician 1									477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5									485.4
Jiangshanian			489.5
Paibian			494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Cambrian 3	509
Series 2		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †									Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †									Wonokan †	571.7 *
																	635