PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of the Russian Platform		Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean						Cenozoic 6			0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian						Cenozoic 5			11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
						Hemingfordian									16.3
						Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Cenozoic 4			23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
						Whitneyan									29.5
						Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian						Cenozoic 3			33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan						Cenozoic 2			41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian									47.8
						Wasatchian									50.5
						Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian						Cenozoic 1			56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian				Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									Cretaceous 8			66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									Cretaceous 7			72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									Cretaceous 6			83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									Cretaceous 5			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian									Cretaceous 4			100.5
			Middle Albian												106.2 *
			Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian									Cretaceous 3			113
		Aptian	Early Aptian									Cretaceous 3			119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian									Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
			Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
			Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								Jurassic 6			145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								Jurassic 6			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian									Jurassic 5			149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Late Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Early Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			174.7
					Planulata			179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
					Kanense				181.3 *
					Carlottense				182.3 *
			Early Toarcian		Carlottense				182.9 *
			Early Toarcian		Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Kunae		Jurassic 2		184.2
					Freboldi				185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1			192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian							208.5
			Alaunian							213.2 *
			Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					Triassic 3		227
		Carnian	Julian					Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian							243.8 *
			Bithynian							244.7 *
			Aegean							245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian							251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Permian 4		251.902
		Wuchiapingian								254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian				Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian								Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian		Povolzhian		Permian 3	266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian		Sokian		Permian 3	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		Permian 2	273.01
								Filipovian			276.5 *
								Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian		Sarginian			283.5
								Irginian			285.9 *
								Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian		Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian		Shikhanian		Permian 1	293.52
								Uskalykian			294.8
								Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian					Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian					Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian					Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian					Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian					Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian				Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian										Rawtheyan	445.2
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4						453
					Actonian †		453.2 *
					Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †					454.2 *
					Longvillian †							455.2 *
					Longvillian †				Aurelucian			456.8 *
					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				Aurelucian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3	Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian			Ordovician 3				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian			Ordovician 2				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig			Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	Tremadoc			Migneintian			477.7
						Tremadoc			Cressagian			480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1		529
															538.8