PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Tarantian				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian			Ionian				Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian			Ionian				Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †				2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian							Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
									Hemingfordian	16.3
									Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
									Whitneyan	29.5
									Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian	47.8
									Wasatchian	50.5
									Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian							Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian							100.5
			Middle Albian							106.2 *
			Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian							113
		Aptian	Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian							139.8
			Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
			Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Wordian			Noginskian			264.9 *
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
		Artinskian			Pavlovoposadian			283.5
		Artinskian			Rusavkinian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian			303.7
					Khamovnikian	304.8
					Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian	307
					Podolskian	308.9 *
					Kashirian	311.4 *
					Vereian	313.8
					Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian	315.2
					Cheremshanian	316.9 *
					Prikamian	318.6 *
					Severokeltmian	319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
					Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	323.2
					Protvian	324.4 *
					Steshevian	326.8 *
					Tarusian	329 *
		Visean			Venevian	330.9
					Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
					Tulian	335.8 *
					Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian			485.4
		Stage 10	Payntonian			486.8 *
		Jiangshanian	Iverian			489.5
		Paibian	Idamean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †			Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian				Boomerangian	499
		Drumian				Undillan	500.5
		Drumian				Floran	503
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4					Ordian	509
										510.8 *