PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126175 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6										0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean		Late Pleistocene									0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean		Middle Pleistocene									0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian		Middle Pleistocene					Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian		Early Pleistocene					Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan							Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene									2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian		Early Pliocene					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene									15.98
					Hemingfordian							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
					Arikareean							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene									23.03
													Monroecreekian			23.1 *
													Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene						Geringian			27.82
					Whitneyan											29.5
					Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean		Late Eocene									37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean		Middle Eocene									37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan							Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan	Cenozoic 2						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian		Early Eocene					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
					Wasatchian							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
					Clarkforkian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian		Late Paleocene							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian		Middle Paleocene							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian		Middle Paleocene							To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian		Early Paleocene							To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian			Puercan		Early Paleocene							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8										66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Cretaceous 7										72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			Cretaceous 4										100.5
			Middle Albian													106.2 *
			Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian			Cretaceous 3										113
		Aptian	Early Aptian			Cretaceous 3										119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian													139.8
			Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
			Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6										145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Triassic 3		227
		Carnian	Julian			Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian	264.28
		Roadian				Permian 3		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2		Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1			Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian				Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian			315.2	Carboniferous 4
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5		Kosovian			443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4						453
				Zahorany †/Vinice							Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †								458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3							458.4
							Dobrotivian					458.5 *
							Oretanian					459.7 *
				Sarka †								461.7 *
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2	Klabava †							467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian					470
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	Tremadocian							477.7
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	Tremadocian							Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5								Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian										Batyrbaian			489.5
												Aksaian			490.7 *
												Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4								Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian										Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian										Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3								Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Amgan/Solvan			509
												Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
												Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3		Cambrian 2								Botomian			514
		Stage 3										Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Tommotian			521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Cambrian 1								Manykaian †	529
																538.8